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<title>Caster angle</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caster angle</span></span>

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<p>The <b>caster angle</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>castor angle</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the angular displacement of the <a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry#Steering_axis_angle" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">steering axis</a> from the vertical axis of a steered <a href="Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> in a <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">car</a>, <a href="Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a>, <a href="Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>, other <a href="Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> or a vessel, as seen from the side of the vehicle. The steering axis in a car with <a href="Dual_ball_joint_suspension" title="Dual ball joint suspension">dual ball joint suspension</a> is an imaginary line that runs through the center of the upper <a href="Ball_joint" title="Ball joint">ball joint</a> to the center of the lower ball joint, or through the center of the <a href="Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">kingpin</a> for vehicles having a kingpin.

</p><p>Caster causes a wheel to align with the direction of travel, and can be accomplished either by caster displacement or caster angle. Caster displacement moves the steering axis ahead of the axis of wheel rotation, as with the front wheels of a shopping cart. Caster angle moves the steering axis from vertical.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In automobile racing, the caster angle may be adjusted to optimize handling characteristics for a particular venue. This is all connected to the front wheels.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="Arthur_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Krebs">Arthur Krebs</a> proposed placing the front axle of a car at a positive caster angle in his UK patent of 1896, entitled <i>Improvements in mechanically propelled vehicles.</i> In it he stated it was intended "To ensure stability of direction by means of a special arrangement of fore-carriage, that is to say, to re-establish automatically the parallelism of the two axles of the vehicle when there is no tendency to keep them in any other direction, or after a temporary effort has caused them to diverge from said parallelism. [...] The axle of the fore-carriage is situated a suitable distance behind the projection of the axis of the pivot-pin in order to ensure the stability of direction above referred to."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positive_caster_angle">Positive caster angle</h2></div>

<p>The steering axis is angled such that a line drawn through it intersects the road surface slightly ahead of the center of the contact patch of the tire on the pavement by a distance called <a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry#Trail" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">trail</a>. The purpose of this is to provide a degree of self-centering for the steering—the wheel casters around in order to <i>trail</i> behind the axis of steering. This makes a vehicle easier to control and improves its <a href="Directional_stability" title="Directional stability">directional stability</a> (reducing its tendency to wander). Excessive caster angle will make the steering heavier and less responsive, although in racing large caster angles are used for improving camber gain in cornering. Caster angles over 7 degrees with radial tires are common. Power steering is usually necessary to overcome the jacking effect from the high caster angle.

</p><p>Some front-end alignment calls for different right-side and left-side caster. This is called cross caster, and the difference is called the spread. Cross camber may also be specified, but not usually both.<sup id="cite_ref-gilles_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trail_or_trailing">Trail or trailing</h2></div>

<p>The steering axis (the red dotted line in the diagram above) does not have to pass through the center of the wheel, so the caster can be set independently of the trail, which is the distance between where the steering axis intersects the ground, in side view, and the point directly below the axle.

</p><p>Caster angle and trail both influence the steering, albeit in different ways: caster tends to add damping, while trail adds "feel" and returnability.

</p><p>The <a href="Caster_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caster wheel">caster wheel</a> on <a href="Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping carts</a> are an extreme case – the system is undamped but stable, as the wheel oscillates around the "correct" path. The construction has relatively high trail, but no caster, which allows changing of direction with minimal force.

</p><p>In this case the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral" class="extiw external" title="wikt:lateral">lateral</a> forces at the tire do not act at the center of the <a href="Contact_patch" title="Contact patch">contact patch</a>, but at a point behind the center. This distance is called the <a href="Pneumatic_trail" title="Pneumatic trail">pneumatic trail</a> and varies with speed, load, steer angle, surface, tire type, tire pressure and time. A good starting point for this is 30 mm behind the center of the contact patch.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Front-end_alignment">Front-end alignment</h2></div>

<p>When the front suspension of a vehicle is <a href="Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">aligned</a>, caster is adjusted to achieve a self-centering action in the steering, which affects the vehicle's straight-line stability. Improper caster settings will require the driver to move the steering wheel both into and out of each turn, making it difficult to maintain a straight line.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two-wheeled_vehicles">Two-wheeled vehicles</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">Bicycle and motorcycle geometry</a></div>

<p>In the context of bicycles and motorcycles, caster is more commonly referred to as "<a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry#Steering_axis_angle" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">head angle</a>", "rake angle" or "rake and trail", especially in <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. The terms caster or castor angle are still predominantly used in <a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.

</p><p>Some bicycle constructors refer to the angle subtended by the mechanical trail at the wheel center as caster.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics" title="Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics">Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe (automotive)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry#Trail" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">Vehicle dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Caster" title="Caster">Caster</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caster">"Merriam Webster Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-25</span></span>. <q>caster <i>n</i> : the slight usually backward tilt from vertical of the axis of the steering mechanism of an automobile for giving directional stability to the front wheels</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0016unse"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. <q>castor angle, the angle at which the steering-head of the front wheels of a motor vehicle is set</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comeanddriveit.com/suspension/camber-caster-toe"><i>Learn Camber, Caster, and Toe</i></a>, COME AND DRIVE IT<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2021</span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/032536216/publication/GB189619774A?q=pn%3DGB189619774A">ESPACENET</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-gilles-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gilles_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Gilles2012" class="citation book cs1">Tim Gilles (24 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUoJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1273"><i>Automotive Service: Inspection, Maintenance, Repair</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 1273–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-133-42068-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikeforest.com/CAD/caster_angle.php">"Arctan(Trail/Wheel Radius)"</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Chassis_control_system467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li>

<li><a href="Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li>

<li><a href="Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li>

<li><a href="MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li>

<li><a href="Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li>

<li><a href="Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Watt's_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li>

<li><a href="Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li>

<li><a href="Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li>

<li><a href="Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-lock braking system</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li>

<li><a href="Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li>

<li><a href="Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Wheel" title="Wheel">Roadwheels</a><br><a href="Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li>

<li><a href="Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ACars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Caster_angle&oldid=1239338007">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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